Physico-chemical Characteristics and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Nine Human Urine-Based Fertilizers in Greenhouse Conditions

Most of the nutrients in wastewater come from human urine and their recycling for agricultural purposes is very limited. After source separation, can be treated to produce various urine-based fertilizers. This study aims characterize nitrogen use efficiency different Nine fertilizers were compared together with ammonium nitrate cattle slurry a greenhouse pot trial English rye-grass, (Lolium perenne L.). The detailed physico-chemical characteristics analyzed. biomass production uptake plants measured. mineral fertilizer equivalent determined each fertilizer. classified four types based on forms (ammonia, nitrate, urea, or organic). most above 85% even higher than 100% nitrified concentrated acidified stored urine. lowest found fermented fresh mixture woodchips but remained between 65 75%. In all cases, efficiencies that slurry. differences among attributed content which was much Indeed, they contain mainly nitrogen. Their trace element contaminants low. as high close However, new valorization pathways cities agriculture need developed.